Endocrinology

Endocrinology is the branch of medicine and biology that focuses on the endocrine system, which is made up of glands that produce and release hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and regulate many vital processes in the body. These processes include growth and development, metabolism, reproduction, mood, and the body’s response to stress. By controlling how organs and tissues function, hormones help maintain balance, also known as homeostasis.

The endocrine system includes several important glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and reproductive glands like the ovaries and testes. Each gland releases specific hormones that have targeted effects on different parts of the body. For example, insulin from the pancreas regulates blood sugar levels, while thyroid hormones control how quickly the body uses energy. Even small changes in hormone levels can have significant effects on overall health.

Various glands in the endocrine system are associated with specific diseases. The pancreas, insulin, and fat tissue are linked to conditions such as diabetes, obesity, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Disorders of the thyroid gland include hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. The parathyroid glands and bones are commonly affected in conditions like hyperparathyroidism and osteoporosis. The pituitary gland can be affected by pituitary tumours and hypopituitarism. Diseases of the adrenal glands include adrenal tumours and hypoadrenalism. In addition, disorders related to puberty and growth can lead to conditions such as short stature and delayed puberty.

Endocrinologists are specialists who diagnose and treat these disorders. Diagnosis often involves specialised blood tests and imaging studies. Meticulous interpretation of investigations and clinical correlation with signs and symptoms is paramount for correct treatment of underlying conditions.